GVU Technical Report Number:
GIT-GVU-97-21
Title:
A Framework for Learning from Media: The Effects of Materials, Tasks,
and Tests on Performance
Authors:
Lawrence J. Najjar
Abstract:
Existing theories (e.g., Baggett, 1984, 1989; Baggett & Ehrenfeucht, 1982,
1983; Clark & Paivio, 1991; Mayer, 1993; Paivio, 1971, 1991; Clark &
Paivio, 1991) do not adequately predict the effects of multimedia on
learning. We need to develop a more complete theoretical framework for
understanding the effects of multimedia on learning. Four elements appear
to be critical to this framework (e.g., Bransford, 1978; Jenkins, 1978;
Najjar, 1995). These elements are the learners, the learning materials,
the tasks performed by the learners, and the tests of learning. All four
elements affect whether multimedia information is learned. The critical,
common factor appears to be transfer-appropriate processing. Information
that is processed the same way at learning and at test (e.g., verbally,
pictorially) may be learned better than information that is not learned
this way (e.g., Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977; Stein, 1978). This
paper describes the literature that is the basis for these ideas.
Keywords:
Multimedia, learning
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