Armstrong, Karen (2000), Islam: A Short History, Random House, New York: NY. ISBN 0-679-64040-1
The Spiritual Journey - Idris Hsi (February 17, 2001)
Religion and spirituality have never been terribly far from my mind nor have they lessened in importance or relevance in our everyday lives despite the tremendous influence of logic, science, and technology on the formation of civilization in this modern age. I do not belong to any religion, although my first name with its Islamic origins may suggest otherwise. In my adolescence, I characterized myself as an atheist, unable to reconcile the seemingly odd contradictions between the religious beliefs of those that I was exposed to most often (Christians and Jews) and my observations of the world both in its past and present. These were the thorny paradoxes that have perplexed and tested the faith of many: Why does a benevolent and all-powerful God allow Evil in the world? Why does He/She allow people to perform evil deeds in His/Her name? Why are moral people not of a particular faith condemned to that faith's Hell when an evil person belonging to that faith can seek redemption and eventually be rewarded? And so on. My other questions were more general: Why is it that there are so many different faiths filled with so many people who believe just as strongly that they know a Truth? Why does everyone treat God like a genie - someone who grants favors and wishes? Is there really only one Truth that belongs to a single faith? Are Science and Religion antithetical entities - one anchored in rationality and the other in mysticism? As I grew older and learned that I didn't really know enough, this atheism gave way to a kind of grudging agnosticism. It was not until college that I began to resolve these issues, finally deciding that a religion is simply the institution that helps to structure a person's spiritual journey; the personal quest that requires us to characterize our relationship to the Universe/Divine. Religion gives us the rituals, the myth, and the day-to-day beliefs that may help us develop faith. Ultimately, attaining a spiritual enlightenment is the responsibility of the individual and can only be achieved by struggling to understand the world through inner reflection. I believe we do great harm to ourselves and to our ability to coexist peacefully as a species when the structures and strictures of a religion are placed above the importance of the spiritual journey. As for resolving Science and the Divine, my father actually gave me his solution. He said that when you look at the laws of physics or any fundamental law of nature that you'll find a very simple equation or a characterization that explains how the rest of the Universe should function. This fundamental elegance was his proof that a God existed. As a scientist with a healthy respect for the unknown, I can accept that as a Truth.
Karen Armstrong (The Battle for God, The History of God) is a religious scholar who has tackled many difficult subjects such as fundamentalism and the conflict over Jerusalem and frames them in a way that not only educates the reader about the historical context but explains them in the context of our modern lives. Her writings are logical, balanced, reverent, and scholarly. Her preface to her history of Islam succinctly characterizes some of what I believe to be the fundamental conflicts of religion today and sets the scene for the evolution of Islam, which the rest of the book describes.
The external history of a religious tradition often seems divorced from the raison d'être of faith. The spiritual quest is an interior journey; it is a psychic rather than a political drama. It is preoccupied with liturgy, doctrine, contemplative disciplines and an exploration of the heart, not with the clash of current events. Religions certainly have a life outside the soul. Their leaders have to contend with the state and affairs of the world, and often relish doing so. They fight with members of other faiths, who seem to challenge their claim to a monopoly of absolute truth; they also persecute their co-religionists for interpreting a tradition differently or for holding heterodox beliefs. Very often priests, rabbis, imams, and shamans are just as consumed by worldly ambition as regular politicians. But all this is generally seen as an abuse of a sacred ideal. These power struggles are not what religion is really about, but an unworthy distraction from the life of the spirit, which is conducted far from the madding crowd, unseen, silent, and unobtrusive. Indeed, in many faiths, monks and mystics lock themselves away from the world, since the clamour and strife of history is regarded as incompatible with a truly religious life.
In the Hindu tradition, history is dismissed as evanescent, unimportant, and insubstantial. The philosophers of ancient Greece where concerned with the eternal laws underlying the flux of external events, which could be of no real interest to a serious thinker. In the gospels, Jesus often went out of his way to explain to his followers that his Kingdom was not of this world, but could only be found within the believer. The Kingdom would not arrive with a great political fanfare, but would develop as quietly and imperceptibly as a germinating mustard-seed. In the modern West, we have made a point of separating religion from politics; this secularization was originally seen by the philosophes of the Enlightenment as a means of liberating religion from the corruption of state affairs, and allowing it to become more truly itself.
But however spiritual their aspirations, religious people have to seek God or the sacred in this world. They often feel that they have a duty to bring their ideals to bear upon society. Even if they lock themselves away, they are inescapably men and women of their time and are affected by what goes on outside the monastery, although they do not fully realize this. Wars, plagues, amines, economic recession, and the internal politics of their nation will intrude upon their cloistered existence and qualify their religious vision. Indeed, the tragedies of history often goad people into the spiritual quest, in order to find some ultimate meaning in what often seems to be a succession of random, arbitrary, and dispiriting incidents. There is a symbiotic relationship between history and religion, therefore. It is, as the Buddha remarked, our perception that existence is awry that forces us to find an alternative which will prevent us from falling into despair.
Perhaps the central paradox of the religious life is that it seeks transcendence, a dimension of existence that goes beyond our mundane lives, but that human beings can only experience this transcendent reality in earthly, physical phenomena. People have sensed the divine in rocks, mountains, temple buildings, law codes, written texts, or in other men and women. We never experience transcendence directly: our ecstasy is always "earthed," enshrined in something or someone here below. Religious people are trained to look beneath the unpromising surface to find the sacred within it. They have to use their creative imaginations. Jean-Paul Sartre defined the imagination as the ability to think of what is not present. Human beings are religious creatures because they are imaginative; they are so constituted that they are compelled to search for hidden meaning and to achieve an ecstasy that makes them feel fully alive. Each tradition encourages the faithful to focus their attention on an earthly symbol that is peculiarly its own, and to teach themselves to see the divine in it.
In Islam, Muslims have looked for God in history. Their sacred scripture, the Quran, gave them a historical mission. Their chief duty was to create a just community in which all members, even the most weak and vulnerable, were treated with absolute respect. The experience of building such a society and living in it would give them intimations of the divine, because they would be living in accordance with God's will. A Muslim had to redeem history, and that meant that state affairs were not a distraction from spirituality but the stuff of religion itself. The political well-being of the Muslim community was a matter of supreme importance. Like any religious ideal, it was almost impossibly difficult to implement in the flawed and tragic conditions of history, but after each failure Muslims had to get up and begin again.
Muslims developed their own rituals, mysticism, philosophy, doctrines, sacred texts, laws, and shrines like everybody else. But all these religious pursuits sprang directly from the Muslims' frequently anguished contemplation of the political current affairs of Islamic society. If state institutions did not measure up to the Quranic ideal, if their political leaders were cruel or exploitative, or if their community was humiliated by apparently irreligious enemies, a Muslim could feel that his or her faith in life's ultimate purpose and value was in jeopardy. Every effort had to be expended to put Islamic history back on track, or the whole religious enterprise would fail, and life would be drained of meaning. Politics was, therefore, what Christians would call a sacrament: it was the arena in which Muslims experienced God and which enabled the divine to function effectively in the world. Consequently, the historical trials and tribulations of the Muslim community - political assassinations, civil wars, invasions, and the rise and fall of the ruling dynasties - were not divorced from the interior religious quest, but were of the essence of the Islamic vision. A Muslim would meditate upon the current events of his time and upon past history as a Christian would contemplate an icon, using the creative imagination to discover the hidden divine kernel. An account of the external history of the Muslim people cannot, therefore, be of mere secondary interest, since one of the chief characteristics of Islam has been its sacralization of history.
